Prevalence, outcomes, and predictors of multidrug-resistant nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections among patients in an ICU.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence, outcomes, and predictors of multidrug-resistant nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in patients in an ICU. METHODS: This was an observational cohort study involving patients with nosocomial LRTI (health care-associated pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, or ventilator-associated pneumonia). Data were prospectively collected between 2015 and 2019. The multidrug-resistant pathogens (MDRPs) identified in the isolates studied included resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at microbiological diagnosis. RESULTS: During the study period, 267 patients in the ICU were diagnosed with LRTI, microbiological confirmation of LRTI having been obtained in 237. Of these, 146 (62%) had at least one MDRP isolate. Patients infected with MDRP were found to have poorer outcomes than patients infected with susceptible strains, such as prolonged mechanical ventilation (18.0 days vs. 12.0 days; p < 0.001), prolonged ICU length of stay (23.0 days vs.16.0 days; p < 0.001), and higher mortality (73% vs. 53%; p < 0.001) when compared with patients infected with susceptible strains. Hospital length of stay ≥ 5 days (OR = 3.20; 95% CI: 1.39-7.39; p = 0.005) and prolonged use vasoactive drugs (OR = 3.15; 95% CI: 1.42-7.01; p = 0.004) were independent predictors of LRTI caused by MDRPs (LRTI-MDRP). The presence of LRTI-MDRP was found to be an independent predictor of death (OR = 2.311; 95% CI: 1.091-4.894; p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged use of vasoactive drugs and prolonged hospital length of stay were independent predictors of LRTI-MDRP in this population of critically ill patients with very poor outcomes.

Prevalence, outcomes, and predictors of multidrug-resistant nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections among patients in an ICU / Prevalência, desfechos e preditores de infecções nosocomiais do trato respiratório inferior multirresistentes em pacientes em uma UTI

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence, outcomes, and predictors of multidrug-resistant nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in patients in an ICU. Methods: This was an observational cohort study involving patients with nosocomial LRTI (health care-associated pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, or ventilator-associated pneumonia). Data were prospectively collected between 2015 and 2019. The multidrug-resistant pathogens (MDRPs) identified in the isolates studied included resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at microbiological diagnosis. Results: During the study period, 267 patients in the ICU were diagnosed with LRTI, microbiological confirmation of LRTI having been obtained in 237. Of these, 146 (62%) had at least one MDRP isolate. Patients infected with MDRP were found to have poorer outcomes than patients infected with susceptible strains, such as prolonged mechanical ventilation (18.0 days vs. 12.0 days; p < 0.001), prolonged ICU length of stay (23.0 days vs.16.0 days; p < 0.001), and higher mortality (73% vs. 53%; p < 0.001) when compared with patients infected with susceptible strains. Hospital length of stay ≥ 5 days (OR = 3.20; 95% CI: 1.39-7.39; p = 0.005) and prolonged use vasoactive drugs (OR = 3.15; 95% CI: 1.42-7.01; p = 0.004) were independent predictors of LRTI caused by MDRPs (LRTI-MDRP). The presence of LRTI-MDRP was found to be an independent predictor of death (OR = 2.311; 95% CI: 1.091-4.894; p = 0.028). Conclusions: Prolonged use of vasoactive drugs and prolonged hospital length of stay were independent predictors of LRTI-MDRP in this population of critically ill patients with very poor outcomes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência, os desfechos e os preditores de infecções do trato respiratório inferior (ITRI) nosocomiais em pacientes em uma UTI. Métodos: Estudo observacional de coorte com pacientes com ITRI nosocomiais (pneumonia associada à assistência à saúde, pneumonia adquirida no hospital ou pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica). Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente entre 2015 e 2019. Os patógenos multirresistentes (PMR) identificados nos isolados estudados incluíram Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistentes a cefalosporinas de espectro estendido e carbapenêmicos, enterobactérias resistentes a carbapenêmicos e Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina no diagnóstico microbiológico. Resultados: Durante o período do estudo, 267 pacientes internados na UTI foram diagnosticados com ITRI, 237 dos quais tiveram confirmação microbiológica de ITRI. Destes, 146 (62%) apresentaram pelo menos um isolado de PMR. Os pacientes infectados por PMR tiveram piores desfechos do que os infectados por cepas sensíveis, como ventilação mecânica prolongada (18,0 dias vs. 12,0 dias; p < 0,001), tempo prolongado de internação na UTI (23,0 dias vs. 16,0 dias; p < 0,001) e maior mortalidade (73% vs. 53%; p < 0,001). Tempo de internação hospitalar ≥ 5 dias (OR = 3,20; IC95%: 1,39-7,39; p = 0,005) e uso prolongado de drogas vasoativas (OR = 3,15; IC95%: 1,42-7,01; p = 0,004) foram preditores independentes de ITRI por PMR (ITRI-PMR). A presença de ITRI-PMR foi um preditor independente de óbito (OR = 2,311; IC95%: 1,091-4,894; p = 0,028). Conclusões: O uso prolongado de drogas vasoativas e o tempo prolongado de internação hospitalar foram preditores independentes de ITRI-PMR nesta população de pacientes críticos com desfechos muito ruins.

Excess mortality is associated with influenza A (H1N1) in patients with severe acute respiratory illness.

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infections caused by viruses are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. The inflammatory response that follows viral infection is important for the control of virus proliferation. However, if overwhelming, may be associated with complicated outcomes. OBJECTIVES: We assessed the clinical characteristics of patients with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) evolving to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and the factors related to death. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study in 273 adult patients with SARI performed in a university-affiliated 800-bed hospital serving an area of epidemiologic vigilance of 102 municipalities and more than 2 million inhabitants. Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 (A/H1N1), influenza A H3N2, and influenza B were tested in all patients by RT-PCR. RESULTS: The overall hospital mortality rate was 17.6%. A total of 30.4% of patients tested positive for influenza A/H1N1. Patients with SARI that evolved to ARDS took significantly longer to take the first dose of oseltamivir (6.0 vs 1.0 days, p=0.002). Patients with H1N1 positive tests had almost 3 times higher probability of death, despite having significantly less comorbidities (p=0.027). The influenza A/H1N1 pdm09 vaccine reduced the odds of death by 78%. Nonsurvivors had a more intense inflammatory response than did survivors at 48 h (C-reactive protein: 31.0 ± 17.5 vs. 14.6 ± 8.9 mg/dl, p=0.001) as well as a more positive fluid balance. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital mortality associated with influenza H1N1-associated SARI and ARDS continued to be high years after the 2009 pandemic in a population with low vaccine coverage. Antiviral treatment started more than two days after onset of symptoms was more frequently associated with ARDS and death and, having had vaccine against influenza A (H1N1) was a factor independently related to survival.